After handing over the house of Maqdis to the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, he was met by Amr ibn al-Aas and re-urged him to ask for the conquest of Egypt and to show the caliph the richness of Egypt that was easy to open. He told him that there is nothing less powerful or greater in the country. Including wealth and wealth, ... and that Egypt be a force for the Muslims as they are the king, and the meeting of the leader of the Caliph in (Jabiya) near Damascus.
Butler p. 226
December 639 AD
The caliph, who is hesitant about Amr ibn al-Aas's journey to Egypt, walked in a small army of 4,000 soldiers, most of them from the tribe of Akk. Although al-Kindi says that one-third were from a dark tribe, Ibn Daqmaq narrated that he was with the Arab army The Romans and one of the Muslims of the Persians, whom he named in his book, walked them from the border between Egypt and Palestine until he was at Rafah and on one stage of El Arish in the land of Egypt. Then came the messengers (under the bishop) carrying a message from the Caliph. , And thought that the Caliph must have returned to doubt in the matter, Khashia of the move and proceed as determined. He did not take the message from the Prophet even through the helipad, which was perhaps the border between the land of Egypt and Palestine, and reached the small valley of the Arish, and there came to him the book and read it then asked around him in Egypt or in Syria? He was told to us in Egypt. The Caliph ordered him to return if he was still in Palestine. If he entered the land of Egypt, he would pass on the blessing of Allah and promised to call God to him with victory and to send him the supply.
Butler p. 228
230 January 640
Grab the Blues (Ferma)
The Fayyum and its entrances were well guarded and the Romans set up a graveyard for them in the Stone of Lihon. The Arabs adjusted to the desert side and made the most of their blessings. They took a great number of them and continued until they reached a city called Bahnasa. They opened it by force and killed those who found it. Men and women and children, and could not open the city of Fayoum, and returned down the stairs with the river.
Butler p. 254 and 255
June 6, 640 AD
Arrival of supply to the Arabs
The supply arrived under the leadership of Zubayr ibn al-'Uwam, the cousin of the Prophet, his companion and one of the six Shura men. He had four thousand men. Then two battalions of four thousand men came in his heels. All that came from the supply was twelve thousand.
Butler p. 256
Mid-July 640
Ain Shams and the site of Umm Dennin
The armies of the Arabs gathered at Heliopolis, they called it Ain Shams and its name was in Coptic (On), and it was known for the greatness of its effects and its scientific status. It is mentioned that Plato received the flag.
Butler p. 258
The Arabs prepared ambushes for the Roman army, and Amr ordered them to raid on the side of the Roman army and its rear if they had the opportunity, and the battle took place in the place called today (Abbasid). After their victory, the Arabs took over the fortress of Umm Danin (between Abidin and Azbekiya now) and fled from the Roman to the fortress of Babylon or to the fortress of Naqus.
Butler p. 263
Late July 640 AD seized Fayoum
When the news of the victory of the Arabs to Fayoum left them of the interests, Dumentianus went out of the city at night and marched to Aboit and fled to Nkios, and when news of his escape to Amr ibn al-Aas arrived, sent a battalion of his soldiers crossed the river and opened the cities of Fayoum And Abuites and made a great slaughter in her people.
Butler p. 264
Early September 640 AD
The siege of Babylon's fortress began (the siege lasted 7 months)
It was a great fortress, its walls were about sixty feet high and eighteen feet high. It had four prominent towers with unequal distances. The Nile water was under its walls and the ships anchored beneath it. It had two great edifices, each of which had a diameter of about 100 feet , And the ascendant to the top of the monuments overlooking the great view of the extent of Mokattam from the east and to Giza and Al-Ahram and the desert of Libya from the west, and to large parts of the Nile River from the north and south, and the observer from there does not stand anything without his eyes until the city of Ain Shams.
Butler p. 270
Al-Rawdah Island was also fortified and fortified at the time, and it increased the strength of Babylon's fort and its war danger, as it was in the middle of the river to take over.
It appears from the words of Ben Dqmaq that the Arabs invaded that island during the siege of the fortress of Babylon, when the Romans came out of there, Amr demolished some walls and fortifications.
Butler p. 272
October 640, the first Babylonian treaty to hand over the fortress.
Qiras al-Muqawqis came out of the fortress of Babylon and went to Al-Rawdah Island to negotiate with the Arabs. He sent messengers from there to Amr ibn al-'Aas. Amr replied to al-Muqawqas: There is only one of three qualities between me and you:
1 Either you entered into Islam, and you became our brothers, and you had what we had.
2 And if you are honored, then you shall give the tribute from a hand, and you shall be small.
3 Or we will strive with patience and fighting, until God governs us, and He is the wisest of the rulers.
Butler p. 284
The worship of the silent son of the son, who spoke on behalf of the Arabs, repeated these conditions to the Muqawis several times. The interview ended with different opinions and the Arabs returned to the war, but the circle was on the Romans, making them think of returning to negotiations.
The negotiations returned again, and the trait chosen by the Romans, is tribute and obedience, and the reconciliation contract to be sent to the emperor, if approved by the implementation. When the news of this treaty reached Hercules, he was sent to the Maqoqs to order him to come to him in a hurry.
Mid-November 640 Hercules calls Almqoqs to Constantinople.
He arrived in Constantinople after Emperor Heraclius summoned him and tried to defend himself against the emperor in words that Hercules was not convinced. He was angry with him and accused him of betraying the state and abandoning it to the Arabs. He accused him of cowardice and infidelity and betrayed him to the governor of the city. His country is rude. The Muqawis saw that the Arabs are the people of death.
Butler p. 291
And that God brought them out to destroy the earth. Butler p. 286
Near the end of 640
After Heraclius's rejection of the Qu'mus treaty, the fighting between the Arabs and the Romans resumed around the fortress (Babylonian fortress), until the news reached the death of Heraclius.
February 11, 641 Death of Hercules
Hercules died after he was thirty-one years old. He was 66 years old and his death was two months before the conquest of Babylon. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Constantine, the son of his wife Adouqie, and Hercules (Hercellonas).
April 641, the Babylonian fortress was handed over to the Arabs.
Hercules' death had a bad effect on the soldiers of the fortress. After the Arabs tried to climb the walls of the fortress, his commander (George) offered to hand over the fortress to the Arabs, so that all the soldiers were safe. And the people of the city shall pay the Muslims for the punishment, and the duration of the siege shall be seven months. Baltras 299
May 13, 641 AD The Arabs took over the universe and its environs
The city of Naquis, located on the Rashid branch in the north-west of Manouf (the village of Abshadi and Zayyat Razin now). It was a great city fortified with Egyptian antiquities. It was the center of a large diocese and its most famous bishops.
Kamel Saleh p
The Arabs were able to break into the fort and the city, after the escape of the commander of the Roman Protectorate (Dumantianos), who fled to Alexandria and entered the city and placed a great spot in the people, said John Nicosi: "They killed all those found in the way of their people, And when they entered the city of Sona, they found (Ascotaus) and his wife, and he was close to the leader (Theodore) and was hiding in a vineyard with His family, and they put the sword in them and they did not stay on any of them. "
But it is worth shedding the veil of what was, it is not possible to list all the Muslims of grievances after they took the island of Nkios on Sunday, the 18th of the month (Gnbut) in the fifteenth year of the year of the session. And that date On the thirteenth day of May 641 AD.
"We have proved here the text of the Coptic bishop's statement because it shows what the Copts had been of a lack of love for the conquering Arabs, and to show that they were not to be loved, and none of them were," says Butler, p. 311 and 312. , And no doubt that the people were with their oppression, still on their faith in their hearts, even if they showed the exit of the pious because of the Aasf Qirs, and the Arabs in their signed did not distinguish between the Copts and Rumi. However, the Copts had something else to do with the treatment of the Arabs ... The Arabs looked at both parties with contempt, On their way to Naqus, the Arabs passed through an ancient city known as Tarnuti, or as the Arabs call it Tarana, and there was a site where the Romans were defeated, and Amr continued his journey to Naqus.
On their way to Naqus, the Arabs passed through a small village on the western side of the Nile. Today they know about the experience of Wardan. Butler says in the margin of 309, quoting al-Maqrizi, the story of this village. He said: When Amr went to Alexandria, he destroyed the village. I was ruined for him. So Said bin Afir told us that Omar did not go to the necks of justice and returned to spend his need at dawn, so he was kidnapped by the people of Khirbet, so he lost him and Amr asked him to stop him and found him in some of their homes and he ordered them to be taken out of them and it was said that the people of Khirba were all monks. And it is desolate to this day.
After the Nakyus massacre and the takeover, the Arabs continued their journey to the city of Creon, the last of the fortresses between the fortress of Babylon and Alexandria, and had a great business in the wheat trade, except that it had a great danger in the war, In its food and drink, but its fortresses were not in a hold on such as was the fort of Babylonians nor the fortress of Naquirus. There was heavy fighting, and that was not a day-to-day battle for the fate of Creon, but a fierce fight that lasted for ten days.
We are told that this was not a victory for one of the two sects, but a parallels between the two, but Arab historians say it was a great victory for the Muslims.
And the opening of the Arabs to Crete, before them the way to Alexandria, and the number of the army of Amr twenty thousand non-garrison left in Babylon and Nkios and others.
Butler p. 316 and 317
25 May 641 CE Death of Constantine Ibn Hercules
After the death of Heraclius on February 11, 641 AD, the king was followed by his two sons: Constantine, his son from his wife Adokia, and Herculonas (Heraclius), his son from his second wife.
Constantine had prepared the equipment and equip the army and ships necessary to send to Egypt, and nearly all of this, until he died and died on May 25, 641, after only one hundred days. And his death, all the rule to his brother Heraclunas, who went against the approach of his brother Constantine, and prepared to return the Almqoqs to Egypt, and allowed him to reconcile the Arabs.
Another June 641 AD attack on Alexandria
Amr ibn al-Aas walked with his army to Alexandria on the south-east side of the city. Alexandria, as described by Butler, p. 317, had a rare ingenious grandeur that was evident to those who walked among the gardens, the vineyards and the many monasteries in its basements. Alexandria was until the seventh century the most beautiful cities of the world and her father, did not create a hand before and after, nothing modified, except Rome and Carthaginna old.
The walls were impregnable and protected by powerful looting machines, and the Arabs had no experience in the art of siege and war. When Amr ibn al-Aas carried his first army on the walls of the city, it was a reckless and unsuccessful campaign. He threw the Roman miners from the walls on his soldiers and a barrage of great stones. And did not dare then to be exposed to missiles, and persuaded Muslims to make their soldiers away from Manalha, and waited to dare their enemy and reckless to go out to them.
There was no siege of Alexandria in the right sense, the sea was protecting the city from the north, and the canal and Lake Mariot protect them from the south, was to the west canal (snake), not left Faraj only east and south-east, and besieged can not approach the walls of That is the vulva, and Amr has confirmed that he will not be able to take the attack.
The Romans had emigrated from around Alexandria, and their beautiful palaces and their majestic homes became beyond the walls for the Arabs. They took a great booty from them, and destroyed many of them to take their wood and iron. They sent this in ships to the fort of Babylonians to set up a bridge to pass it to the city. They could never cross it. Butler p. 321
It was then more June, and Amr was not the man who deceives himself from the city and explains himself can open it forcefully, he learned the right of the flag that he can not take the attack, but was confident of one thing, that the owners if the enemy went out and fight them, And established and conquered Him. Therefore, he relied on leaving a sufficient army in his camp for Rabat, and that he walk with the remaining soldiers, and hit them in the land of Lower Egypt (Delta cities).
Butler p. 320
Amr ibn al-Aas marched a group of soldiers to (Crayon) and then to (Damanhur) and then marched to the east of Jogus during the territory, which is known today as the West, until he reached (Sakha) This place was to the north of the modern city (Tanta) about ten miles, which is the reed of the territory, and was a stronghold, and did not succeed in Amr to achieve what he wanted to get down on that city suddenly and take it on a surprise, and saw the Arabs themselves again and were unable About taking a city surrounded by walls and surrounded by water.
They walked towards the south and perhaps followed the sea of order until they reached Tukh, about six miles northwest of the place of Tanta.
And from (Tukh) marched to (Damses), and they also wore these two villages could not open, and did not find their people hardship in repelling the Arabs.
It is reported that the invasion of the villages on the eastern Nile branch, it is said that the Arabs have reached the city of (Damietta), and perhaps the invasion was by the secret of Amr at the same time. And it was not anything but burning farms, and was about to mature its fruit, did not open something of the cities in Lower Egypt.
Let us remember that the Arabs spent their work in this region for twelve months until that time.
After that the invaders in which Amr landed in the country and sheep from them returned to the fort of Babylon and from him without a great benefit.
And that we have to signify in his invasions those in Lower Egypt, and the fighting in many places, and his inability in the bulk of what he tried to open in the North of the maximum, it increases us proof of the evidence under the hands of the corruption of two opinions goes to people: Egypt obeyed the Arabs without fighting or defending, and the second that the Egyptians welcomed the adventurers and saw in them salvation and survival of what they are in it.
Butler p. 322 and 323
14 September 641 the return of Qiras Almqoqs to Egypt
The new emperor, Heraclón, restored the Quraysh from exile to Alexandria and allowed him to reconcile the Arabs.
November 8, 641, writing the contract of delivery of Alexandria
The great Romanes in Alexandria were parties and Shiites, with the difference between them and the temptations of seduction among them. Both parties, the Green and the Blue, were keen to fight among themselves, greater than their keenness on the war of the enemy at the gates of their city.
Butler p. 334
As for what was going on in the depth of the same Almqoqs of various tendencies, the order does not reach the intuition and not informed perception, he was greedy to Muslims to help him to spread his hand on the Coptic Church in Egypt, and then the owner of the order is not anyone in Constantinople Sultan it , As Qiras al-Muqawqis wanted to increase his religious authority in Alexandria and establish it on the ruins of the state after its destruction, and we find no other opinion more appropriate to what appeared to him, it is the best opinion that we can recognize what was between him and Amr of the links hidden, Romanian, let us describe him as a traitor to the state in what he deems fit for the Church. Butler p. 331
Amr returned to Babylon after he opened the country of Upper Egypt, or at least the countries of Central Egypt, to rest in the time of the owners of the Nile flood, and while there in the fort, and the Almqoqs came to bear the contract of submission and delivery, welcomed by Amr and Akram and his master. On the 8th of November, 641 AD, the contract of the Solh (Peace of Alexandria Delivery)
1 that the tribute shall be paid to each person who entered the contract.
2 - to hold a truce for about eleven months ending in the first month of his Coptic door, corresponding to the twenty-eighth of September of the year 642 AD.
3 to keep the Arabs in their positions during the duration of this truce to retire alone and do not seek any attempt to fight Alexandria, and to stop the Romans from fighting.
4 that the armed Alexandria leave in the sea and carry its soldiers with them all their possessions and money, that those who wanted to leave by righteousness should do, and to pay every month to know what remained in the land of Egypt in his journey.
5 That an army of the Romans should not return to Egypt or seek to return it.
6 that Muslims stop taking Christian churches and do not intervene in their affairs any interference.
7 that Jews are allowed to reside in Alexandria.
8 that the Romans be taken hostage by them, one hundred and fifty of their soldiers and fifty non-soldiers to ensure the enforcement of the contract. Butler p. 343
He spent the era of peace in Babylon on Thursday, November 8, 641 and had to be approved by the Roman Emperor, as he had to approve the successor of the Muslims, Omar ibn al-Khattab, sent Amr ibn al-Aas, Muawiya bin Hodeij Canadian, and ordered him to carry news of what happened To Omar ibn al-Khattab caliph in Mecca, and was in the duration of the truce, which is eleven months, enough time enough and the necessary fees, and then returned Qiras Almqoqs quickly to Alexandria carrying the book of reconciliation.
The letters were sent to the emperor Heraclónas, which led him to the terms of reconciliation. Then called the Almqoqs senior commanders of the army and the great men of the state, and took to explain the necessity of the need for his contract, and its advantages, still won even what he wanted to carry his faith to say, but was a victory. Butler p. 353
"From this, we see that the peace that Qiras had made was not necessary in the war," says Butler, p. 358: "As long as the Roman fleets control the sea, and the Arabs are far from it, On the siege of two or three years, pending the ruling the ruler of the crucifixion channel, if that was, it was not unlikely that Egypt back to the Romans, ... But Qiras Almqoqs surrendered to the enemy hidden and relieved without calling him to that necessity. In the history of Alexandria that it took force by force without being taken treacherously from within. The hopes of the people of Alexandria, after that, disappointed the opening with disappointment.
10 December 641 AD The first installment of Alexandria tribute to the Arabs
He was surprised by the arrival of a group of Arabs on the city, and what was the most surprising and astonished what they learned, they knew that the enemy did not come to fight them, but came To pay the tribute agreed upon by Qiras Al-Muqawqis in the contract of reconciliation that he requested and wrote with them to hand over the city, so the people rose up and revolted when they heard, and they went unbelievers until they came to the palace of the penguins.
But he was able, with all his eloquence and eloquence, to reduce his crime, and to weaken his betrayal, in his article he said among the people, and to justify what he was saying: he was forced to ride hard, which was unavoidable, and what Gala meant the interest of his people and the interest of their children, And the one who wanted to live in a Christian land had the option of leaving Alexandria. The choice between migration from Alexandria and obedience to Muslims was not easy. The Patriarch did not take over with him, but he cried. He asked the people That they believe that he did his best in their affairs, and that they should be satisfied with reconciliation.
In this way, Qiras al-Muqawqs could once again win his ill-advised view. The people collected the portion of the tribute imposed on them and put the money in a ship that went out of the southern door.
Butler p. 354
March 21, 642 CE Death of Qiras Al-Muqawqis
In the end of his days he was overcome by worry and drowning in grief. Confrontations met him. In Constantinople, he was deposed by King in the end of November 641 AD, and all the friends of the Maquqs were removed from power. He feared that the new emperor would order his exile or his death.
He believed that people had denied his policy of religion and denied hope with him to return his satisfaction, and saw his policy in the affairs of the world has been disgraced.
He was most saddened by the Arabs' refusal to intercede with the return of the Copts who had sought refuge in Alexandria, their return to their villages and their homes. He mentioned what Karf of sins and suffered from failure and abandonment, and his heart was repulsed, and regretted to let him in Egypt, and cried to lose it.
And the predestination was overflowing and the worries surrounding him until he suffered the disease (Dossantria) on the day of the sun, and died on Thursday after him on 21 March 642 m.
Butler p. 380 and 381
July 642 m fighting to seize the cities of the North Delta
They resisted the cities of the North Delta, such as: Ekhna, Rashid, El-Borolos, Damietta, Khayes, Belaheb, Sakha, Sultis, Hypersia, Tannis, Shata and others. The Arab conquest resisted stiff resistance.
Butler, p. 377,
states that the resistance of the Egyptians to the Arabs took its place in the land of Lower Egypt, and remained until the conquest of Alexandria, and if it was mentioned that the people of Tennis and the next of the country in the territory of that lake were Coptic heroes, , We know that the occurrence of that time at the time, a new evidence of the corruption of two minds as long as deceiving people and obsolescence on them as they forgive the truth, these views are: that Egypt handed over to the Arabs without fighting, and that the Copts welcomed the Arabs and saw them salvation from what they were.
The betrayal of Qiras al-Maqoqs of Alexandria was the reason for the elimination of the last hope of the Christians to win in Egypt, but it is surprising that this sporadic country in the Lower Egypt, the armies of the Arab invaders, defied them for another year. This is a sign that its people were among the first of the nobility and the preserve, they remained at the time of their religion and established it, but history did not reward them with what they deserve from the good Ahdothp, but to deny them for a long time.
Alexandria was crowded with those who sought refuge from all parts of Egypt, fearing for themselves the Arabs' invasion of their cities and villages, which were not like Alexandria's immunity and prevention.
When the Treaty of the handover of Alexandria between the Maqawqis and the Arabs was concluded, it was one of the conditions that the Roman soldiers and those who were dissolved in Alexandria from the When the refugees in Alexandria saw that the ships carried groups of people every day to Cyprus, Rhodes and Byzantium, they were anxious and eager to go back to their villages. They went to the Maqoqs and asked him to speak to them for ages. And it is not surprising that the patriarch's quest to do so would have failed if we knew that his request was before March, as the war was still raging in some villages in Egypt. And he was the most despicable of the lower Egypt, and if I let them go back to their villages, whether they were mothers To fight the Muslim soldiers themselves, or to extend the cities that were still insistent on the fighting and has not yet opened by the Muslims.
However, Qiras Alamah did not answer Amr to his request, and his pain was so severe
He was tempted to appeal to him some of the Copts, and perhaps was intended behind that to forget them something of their hatred on him, was this rejection, which Amr refused to request, a severe blow affected his policy in this regard.
Butler p. 379
I would like to add here to the words of Butler that the position of Amr Ibn al-Aas from the Copts refugees to Alexandria, and his refusal to return to their cities and villages, for fear of joining them to fight the Arabs and fighting the Muslim soldiers themselves, clearly confirms to us, lies and nullification of the claim that the Copts welcome the conquerors, The lowest kind of this alleged welcome by the Copts, because Amr refused to allow them to return to their homes.
September 17, 642 AD The first Roman city of Alexandria
It was based on the deportation of Roman soldiers from Alexandria and Lower Egypt, two of the leaders, namely (Theodore), who became the ruler of Egypt after the death of the Muqawqis and (Constantine), who became the supreme commander of the Roman army after (Theodore).
On September 17, 642 CE, about 100 ships from the Roman fleet took over their castles and took their marinas to Cyprus.
29 September 642 AD Arabs enter Alexandria for the first time
After the departure of the Roman soldiers, and the end of the truce (11 months), which was defined by the Treaty of Deliverance of the city between the Almukes and Amro, opened the doors of Alexandria for the first time entered by the Arabs.
Winter 642 643 The Battle of Amr the First (for Bentapolis)
Amr walked until he reached (Barqa), and apparently it gave the Arabs peace,
To pay 13 thousand dinars a year, and the terms of the peace conditions Ajiban:
1 Let the people of Tirchah sell their children to come in with the imposed charge.
2 They had to carry the tribute to Egypt, so that the tribute of the tribute would not enter their country.
Butler p. 445
Amr went to Tripoli and was a stronghold of the most powerful army of the Romans, and was armed by a large number of Roman, tolerated the siege a few weeks, but because no supply from the sea, and almost the army is dying of hunger and the intensity of fighting, The Arabs, hastened the Roman soldiers to their ships, and fled them by the sea. Amr then hurried to (Sabra), and suddenly looked at the city, and attacked in the early morning, and took the people on the surprise, and took the city by force, and looting. Then he returned with his army, and with him a great number of prisoners and a large amount of spoils, to Egypt, and returned to the fort of Babylon. Butler p. 446
The fall of the year 644 CE The return (appearance) of Pope Benjamin
Amr ibn al-Aas (a promise or a covenant of safety) wrote to Pope Benjamin, and the Pope was hidden in an unknown place where no one knows. The picture of this promise was as follows: Where was the Copts of Benjamin, we promise him protection and safety and the covenant of God? In the safety and reassurance of the night of his religion and his people.
Butler p. 455
The period of the pope's absence from his throne was 13 years, ten years during the Roman era and the reign of the Qu'muks, and three years during the reign of the Arabs.
"It is worth noting that this tyrannical penguin did not carry him out of his disappearance, the opening of the Muslims to Egypt, the stability of their command in the country, and the departure of the armies of the Romans from them. This is not proof of the falsification of history on the Copts, It is true that the Copts welcomed the Arabs, it would have been a matter of their way or their satisfaction, even if Benjamin had accepted such assistance and approved it for what remained in exile three years after the victory of the Arabs, and then not back After that from his hiding place, there is only a covenant and safety, and there is no condition in it.
If the incidents were not evidence of the lie of this incident other than this incident, it would have been a strong proof, though not a conclusive proof, it is a link to the chain of evidence we have, and has become a chain can not undermine it.
October 644 AD
Amr ibn al-Khattab Yuli Abdullah Saad bin Abi Sarh collection of abscess
The relationship between the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab and Amr ibn al-'Aas was tense and not good. Ibn al-Khattab repeated harsh and unfriendly speeches to Ibn al-Aas, which he strongly applauded, for delaying the sending of abscess to the Caliphate House in Mecca. Ibn al-Khattab said in one of his speeches: "But after I was surprised by the large number of books to you in your abscess ...
I will not bring you to Egypt, I will make it for you and for your people, but I do not want you to provide you with the abscess and good for your politics. If this book comes to you, I will carry the abscess, but it is the Muslims, and I have those who have learned the people who are trapped and peace. "
The Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab had sent Muhammad ibn Salamah to Egypt and ordered him to collect as much money as possible over the tribute sent by Amr ibn al-Aas before. Then he sent Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh, and the rule of Upper Egypt and Fayoum, and the collection of abscess.
November 7, 644, killing and burying the Caliph Omar Bin Al Khattab
It was one of the last things that Umar ibn al-Khattab had in his life, that reduced the authority of Amr ibn al-Aas, and that the Wali Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh, the rule of Upper and Fayoum, and made him collect the abscess.
November 10, 644 AD Othman bin Affan assumes the caliphate in Mecca
Boya Osman Khilafah in Mecca after the burial of Omar three nights (Book of the history of the caliphs al-Suyuti, page 103).
Butler, p. 481, states that when Osman took over the caliphate, Amr ibn al-Aas was completely isolated from Egypt and all of his mandate was collected by Abdullah ibn Abi Sarh. He lived in the city of Shatnouh in Fayoum. Opinions differed in this new governor of Egypt, and al-Tabari describes him as not in the agents of Osman worse than Abdullah and Egypt. The Caliph Othman had deliberately intended to increase the collection of the tribute. Abdullah bin Abi Sarh made his first concern to increase taxes on the people of Alexandria.
Amr ibn al-Aas came out of Egypt after his isolation, and went to the city and called Othman. (History of the caliphs of Siouti).
The end of the year 645 AD revolution of Alexandria led by (Manuel)
The Emperor Constans sent in Constantinople, a great fleet consisting of about 300 ships loaded with soldiers led by Manuel to take over Alexandria, and the city had about one thousand soldiers of the Arabs to defend them, and the Roman beat them and killed them all but a few of them managed to survive, and returned to Alexandria to the king of the Roman, Amr at that time in Mecca isolated, and the soldiers lost the Roman time and opportunity as usual, they went in the land of Lower Egypt, raping money and food from people.
The last spring is 644 m
The return of Amr ibn al-Aas, and the location of Nkios II
When the news of the revolution of Alexandria reached Mecca, Caliph Osman ordered that Amr ibn al-Aas return to the leadership of the Arab army in Egypt, and was the necropolis of Babylon, and others, still in the hands of the Arabs.
This was not the view of Amr ibn Hattakah, who was then an armed commander of the Babylonian fortress. He saw that the delay was detrimental to the Muslims, correcting the command of the Romans, and he pointed to Amr to take the initiative to the enemy before he came. Extended, or prove to the people of Egypt and all the Arabs. But Amr, he saw otherwise, he said: No, but I invite them to walk until they hit those who passed it, and God is ashamed of each other. It is worth mentioning that the Arab leaders at this time did not distinguish between the Copts and Rumi, but thought that the two groups together Elb to fight.
This indicates that it was not the price that led them to expect the love of the Copts for them, nor their neutrality in fighting the Romans. If it is true that the Copts welcomed the Arabs when they first came to Egypt and saw them as salvation, the Arab leaders at this time entrusted to the loyalty and love of the Copts and to expect them to be friendly and helpful.
Butler p. 486
And the Romans marched slowly until they were drawn to Nkios, and there they met the first Arab, and perhaps their army was then fifteen thousand, and a heated battle between the two parties, ended with the defeat of the Roman army, which withdrew to Alexandria, and closed the Roman doors of the city and prepared for the siege.
Summer of the year 646 AD re-opening of the Arabs of Alexandria
As Beutler says in p. 357:
"We hardly know in the history of Alexandria that they were taken by force without being taken treacherously from within. It was said that he was in Alexandria, a concierge named (son of Bassamah), asked Omar to believe in himself and his family and land and open the door to him, and Amr replied to that. And whatever it was, the Arabs took the city by force, and entered and killed, and sing and burn, even The fire went on all that remained near the door in the eastern quarter, including St. Mark's Church. The murder continued until it reached the center of the city. Amr ordered them to raise their hands and built a mosque in the place where Amr By raising the sword, a mosque of mercy. Many of them were killed in the city, and Manuel was among those who were killed, and the Arabs took the women and the Sarari, so they made them. Butler p. 488
And the demolition of Amr eastern walls to the rest of the land.
Butler p. 497
And took prisoners from Alexandria and neighboring countries such as Belhaib, Khais, Saltis, Carthage and Sakha, and sent them to the city, but the Caliph Uthman returned them to the Muslims on the condition of tribute.
Amr wanted to take Alexandria-based, but the Caliph Uthman did not satisfied, as the father of the Caliph before him (Omar).
Amr remained in Egypt after the stability of the matter only one month, and then left for Abdullah bin Saad.
Fall of the year 646 AD call Amr ibn al-Aas to Mecca
The Caliph Uthman ibn Affan offered Amr Ibn al-Aas to make him the commander of the soldiers of Egypt, to be Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh, the ruler and worker on the state of her abscess, but Amr ibn al-Aas refused, and responded saying: "So we like the cow with its cowards and another milk.
But the Caliph did not stay because he had finished his purpose of it, and spent it on the revolution of Egypt, and was in need of those who extracted the money from the people, and found his student in Abdullah bin Abi Sarh, and Amr went out of that country.
Butler p. 500
August 658 AD Tola Amr, governor of Egypt
After the death of Osman, Ali bin Abi Talib took over the succession, but his allegiance to the caliphate was not unanimous. A long bloody dispute between Ali and Maawiya ended with Ali's death and his son Hassan's abdication of Muawiya's caliphate.
Amr ibn al-Aas was loyal to Mu'awiyah in his conflict with Ali, and came to Egypt as his supporter. Mu'awiyah then appointed him as the ruler of Egypt and rewarded him for his help and defense against Ali bin Abi Talib.
Butler p. 503
January 3, 662 CE The death of Pope Benjamin
6 January 664 AD Amr's death and burial in the foot of Mokattam, but his grave forgotten his place.
Butler p. 505